Debris flows are accelerated downhill by gravity and tend to follow steep mountain channels that debouche onto alluvial fans or floodplains.The front, or 'head' of a debris-flow surge often contains an abundance of coarse material such as boulders and logs that impart a great deal of friction.Trailing behind the high-friction flow head is a lower-friction, mostly liquefied flow body that . Debris flows are triggered by a variety of different initiation mechanisms such as shallow landslides, runoff onto unconsolidated soil, in-channel mobilization, dam failure, seismic liquefaction, rapid snow melting ( Jakob and Hungr, 2005; Takahashi, 2019 ). describe the factors leading to this debris-flow initiation and illustrate the behavior with real-time data collected during transformation. post-fire debris-flow initiation. The initiation of several debris flows on the talus slopes of the upper part of alpine Debris flow initiation by a progressive grain-by-grain bulking process appears less likely. We characterized gully change and morphology, and assessed spatial distributions of debris flows to infer the processes and conditions for debris flow initiation. • Peak discharges are approximated as a power-law function of rainfall intensity and duration. 6c) for several events. A common feature of these observations is that debris flows near the initiation zone usually consist of many surges. Automated pressure transducers recorded high spatial variability of pore water pressure within the area that mobilized as a debris flow, which initiated where local upward flow . Staley, Landslides after wildfire: initiation, magnitude, and . However, an average rainfall intensity of greater than 60 mm/h . Prediction of debris flow initiation is essential for debris flow mitigation. Debris flows are spawned from the margins of this complex when the main slide is actively moving downslope at a slow rate; we identify the conditions conducive to debris-flow initiation in this setting. During this experiment, we adjusted the inflow rate and the drain outflow rate to create a nearly slope-parallel water table with negligible ground-water exfiltration at the slope toe. The project employed novel methods to create a dataset documenting the movement of sediment by debris flows. Results further suggest that the potential for runoff-generated debris flows may be linked with sediment supply and hydrologic conditions through a Mohr-Coulomb stability criteria applied to a sediment layer within the channel. Debris flow is a sediment disaster that mostly occurs in mountainous area. Based on the debris-flow occurrences in Japan, Osanai et al [22] proposed the most probable initiation, flow and deposition sections based on gradients as depicted in Figure-3. In contrast, only about 50% of Front Range hillslopes are south-facing. Throughout the summer 2000 thunderstorm season, we monitored rain gauges, channel cross-sections, hillslope transects, and nine sediment-runoff traps deployed in a steep, 0.15 km2 basin burned by the May 2000 Cerro Grande fire in New Mexico. 2014 ), which are defined as slopes with aspects between 90° and 270° from north. Steep talus slopes below these outcrops were covered with thin colluvium [ 24 ]. Often, these surges are quasiperiodic and have a frequency (typically 0.5 to 2 surges per minute) that is higher than that of fluctuations in rainfall intensity and higher than the surge frequency observed downstream. Using a numerical model for debris-flow initiation that was constrained by these field measurements, we were able to estimate that an average rainfall intensity of 15-30 mm/h over a 15-minute time period would be sufficient to produce a debris flow in the first year following fire. Iverson, 1997). DEBRIS FLOW INITIATION EXPERIMENTS 5 The water application rate is the volumetric influx per horizontal surface area. Download. The initiation mechanism of debris flow hazard is revealed by means of field engineering geological investigation and analysis of the formation and development conditions of debris flow. The three case studies demonstrate the value of coupled prediction of flood response and debris flow initiation potential in the context of developing a regional hazard warning system. A rainstorm can trigger numerous debris flows. Post-Fire Debris-Flow Initiation and Magnitude LUKE A. MCGUIRE* University of Arizona, Department of Geosciences, 1040 East 4th Street, Tucson, AZ 85721 FRANCIS K. RENGERS U.S. Geological Survey, 1711 Illinois Street, Golden, CO 80401 NINA OAKLEY Western Regional Climate Center, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, Nevada 89512 . Approximately 78% of the debris flows were initiated on south-facing slopes (SFS) (Coe et al. Our study clarified that both partly and fully saturated flows are important . Monitoring performed using 10 time-lapse cameras (TLCs) in Ohya landslide . To clarify debris flow behavior within the initiation zone, we established a monitoring system in the upper Ichinosawa catchment within the Ohya landslide, central Japan. The Cleveland Corral landslide complex is located in an . 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. Debris flows are among the most frequent and hazardous disasters worldwide. FIGURE 2. Data utilized in conjunction with field reconnaissance included aerial photographs, satellite imagery, and LiDAR ( Table 1 ). The three case studies demonstrate the value of coupled prediction of flood response and debris flow initiation potential in the context of developing a regional hazard warning system. ?? Recently, McGuire et al. CHRISTOPHER . Test soils were collected from a debris flow source area in the Weijia groove, Beichuan County, Sichuan Province. OSF Storage (Germany - Frankfurt) data repository.rar. Estimates of sediment volume loss from gully walls demonstrate the importance of sediment inputs along gullies for increasing debris flow volumes. SDTT model.tbx. Debris flows can initiate due to different processes. Post-Fire Debris-Flow Initiation and Magnitude LUKE A. MCGUIRE* University of Arizona, Department of Geosciences, 1040 East 4th Street, Tucson, AZ 85721 FRANCIS K. RENGERS U.S. Geological Survey, 1711 Illinois Street, Golden, CO 80401 NINA OAKLEY Western Regional Climate Center, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, Nevada 89512 . However, as most of the above events occurred during summer (i.e. The maximum total discharge of a single debris flow, which was estimated with a video camera, ultrasonic water level gauge, and Doppler flow velocity sensor at Iwadoi observatory, was . Kean, D.M. A difficult task in debris flow risk assessment is to identify debris flow initiation locations and volumes. The analysis covers 53 gullies located in two neighboring, but separate, regions: the Chilliwack Valley region of the Cascade Mountains, and the Norrish Creek area of the southern Coast Mountains, respectively located to the south and north of the Fraser Valley in southwestern British Columbia. Constructing I-D thresholds for debris flow initiation based on critical discharges and unit cumulative hydrographs. McGuire, N. Oakley, H. Tang, J.W. • The critical runoff discharges are compared with four physically-based runoff discharges. Debris flows are frequently initiated by run‐off in recently burned steeplands, making it critical to develop and test methods for incorporating spatial variability in infiltration capacity into hydrologic models. Our understanding of initiation mechanisms of post‐wildfire debris flows is limited, in part, by a lack of direct observations and measurements. In particular, there is a need to understand temporal variations in debris‐flow likelihood Landslides and debris flows are expected in the Khao Luang Mountain Range because of the disturbed slope materials, land-use pattern, intense seasonal rainfall and the geomorphic development in the area. C. MATHEWSON JEFFREY R. KEATONl PAUL M. SANTF. Debris deposit laying over an impermeable high slope surface (e.g. We studied the relationship between the flow characteristics and the accumulation conditions of the storage in an initiation zone of debris flow. To simulate debris-flow behaviour from initiation to deposition, we derive a depth-averaged, two-phase model that combines concepts of critical-state soil mechanics, grain-flow mechanics and fluid mechanics. One is soil-mechanics-typed that Three factors appear to aid the initiation of debris flows at this site: 1) locally steepened ground created by dynamic landslide movement, 2) elevated pore-water pressures and abundant soil moisture, and 3) locally cracked and dilated materials. Numerous debris flows occurred in Switzerland during the summer of 1987. Debris flows represent a severe hazard in mountain regions. Sedimentology 46 , 79-97 (1999) Initialed by the heavy rain, slag debris flow has happened in Ganjaing gully around Luanchuan county, China. CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): [1] The middle of a hillslope hollow in the Oregon Coast Range failed and mobilized as a debris flow during heavy rainfall in November 1996. In Merapi Volcano, Indonesia, debris flow frequently caused damage of infrastructures, destroyed bridges, houses, and fatalities. Annual Precipitation varies between 19 fEffect of Vegetation on Debris Flow Initiation - Conceptualisation and Parameterisation of a Dynamic Model for Debris Flow Initiation in Tikovil River Basin, Kerala, India, using PCRaster 100 cm (around Chinnar) to 500 cm (around Neriyamangalam), with a state average of about 300 cm (GoK, 2004). The critical runoff discharges for debris flow initiation are determined. To improve our knowledge on the connection between debris flow initiation and the hydrologic system, this study applies a semi . Much of the debris flow initiation and propagation effects are not fully understood, because the debris flows intera ct with their surroundings by eroding the Illgraben channel bed (Berger et al., 10 2011) and the channel banks, which in turn may recharge ongoing or trigger additional debris flows (Burtin et al., 2013). 1, 3, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 18; Fig. To learn more about cookies and our privacy practices, please review our privacy policy with updates effective May 25, 2018. The initiation zone of the debris flows was near vertical bedrock outcrops of the Wilderness Granite [ 21 ] and consisted of central core granitic intrusion flanked with a metamorphic core complex on the margins [ 25 ]. according to the analysis of test results, the mechanics of the debris flow initiation could be explained as the following: the debris source's shear strength decreased to the value of yield shear strength, the peak shear strength available during undrained loading of a saturated, contractive, sandy soil, after a long period of antecedent … Takahashi, 2007), and enlarged during the subsequent flowing process (e.g. Debris flow hazard prediction is an important and effective means of engineering disaster mitigation, and rainfall threshold is the core issue in debris flow prediction. Gully heads at glacier termini and widespread failure of gully walls imply that overland flow was transformed into debris flow along gullies. In this study we examine factors that pertain to the generation of debris flows from a basin recently burned by wildfire.. An indoor artificial rainfall model tank test has been designed; it can be used to simulate the process of debris flow initiation for slope loose soil under the rainfall action. Slope-area thresholds for fire-related debris-flow initiation from Storm King Mountain are defined by functions of the form Acr (tan ?? Slopes can fail as discrete landslides and then become fluidized and move downstream as debris flows (landslide initiated) or progressive bulking of sediment from a distributed area can become channelized and concentrated as it moves downslope (runoff generated). relative flow depth, h/d, to predict debris flow initiation. The sequence of events around the epicentre of the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake: initiation of the debris flows and turbidity current inferred from side scan sonar. impacting debris flow initiation, it can't be neglected in debris flow forecast. The tests were carried out on model slopes consisting of soils with known properties prepared with constant initial density and material thickness. - E&G Quaternary Science Journal, 62 (2): 136-149. Moreover, material sources differ much in the two gullies. Debris flow initiation by runoff in a recently burned basin: Is grain‐by‐grain sediment bulking or en masse failure to blame? 5 and S2) and . Most flows were triggered in response to two intense rainfall periods, one 12.5-hour-long period on 11-12 September, and one 8-hour-long period on 12 September. Slopes can fail as discrete landslides and then become fluidized and move downstream as debris flows (landslide initiated) or progressive bulking of sediment from a distributed area can become channelized and concentrated as it moves downslope (runoff generated). Given these findings, we recommend that residents, emergency managers, and public works . is its gradient. failure is met. This study selected the Laomao Mountain debris flow in Dalian as the research object and explored the relationship among the percentage of coarse sand . Logistic-regression modeling permits the identification of statistically significant drainage-basin variables, isolating those geomorphic factors that most strongly control debris-flow initiation in the near-vertical cliffs of Grand Canyon and This theory is widely applied in some researchers to develop debris flow warning system and to replicate mechanism of debris flow initiation through numerical simulation [11] [12]. This paper describes a series of tests and analyses on debris flow characteristics (initiation, scale and mechanism) at six sites with limestone. In the Ohya landslide, loose sediments, previously deposited on steep channel bed, is the main source of debris flow material. Although 58 soil-slip scars were mapped on hillslopes in the burned basins, material . The prominent paths left by the debris flows originated in 0- and 1st-order hollows or channels. Geomorphology 109 (2009) 122-131 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Geomorphology j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / g e o m o r p h Debris flow initiation and sediment recharge in gullies Drew Brayshaw a, Marwan A. Hassan b . The paper investigates the initiation mechanism of debris flow through the survey with detailed analysis for several field debris flow events. Considering that the cognition and prediction of debris flow initiation is more practical for prolonging the leading time and improving the alarm system performance (Hürlimann et al., 2019), this article focuses on two aspects, that is, the initiation mechanism of debris flow and related discrimination or prediction methods. INITIATION OF DEBRIS FLOWS Debris flows in Grand Canyon are initiated by a combination of intense precipitation and subsequent slope failure. This thesis examines the factors which influence debris flow initiation in gullies. July and August) after the snowmelt peaks, which typically occur much earlier in the season (i.e. The intensity of rainfall necessary to initiate debris flows in Grand Canyon is poorly known because few climatic stations are in debris-flow producing tributaries. A debris-flow initiation potential map created from a GIS-based analysis of surface materials, slope steepness, slope aspect, and fault maps shows the greatest debris-flow initiation potential in the study area to coincide with outcrops of the Moenkopi Formation on steep (>20%), southwest-facing slopes. According to historical debris flow events, debris flow . In addition, debris flow initiation was supported by contributions of snowmelt (nos. Show author details. and debris flow initiation - a case study from the eastern European Alps Bodo Damm, Astrid Felderer How to cite: Damm, B., Felderer, A. Debris flow initiation and sediment recharge in gullies. (2013): Impact of atmospheric warming on permafrost degradation and debris flow initiation - a case study from the eastern European Alps. 2. Luke McGuire Google Scholar webpage 31. May and June; see Figs. This controls the initiation and development of debris flow surges. To improve our knowledge on the connection between debris flow initiation and the hydrologic system, this study applies a semi . Four of the 35 debris flows were reclassified into slush avalanches because snowpack over the debris flow initiation zone was identified by a distant-view camera. Snow-triggered debris flows have been studied to a lesser extent in the Pacific Northwest, the Himalayas, and other regions. Debris flows can initiate from landsliding or rilling in soil-mantled por- tions of the landscape, but there have been few direct observations of debris flow initia- tion in steep, rocky portions of the landscape that lack a thick, continuous soil mantle. This paper investigates the mechanism of debris flow initiation in the Lham Nah Creek Basin (Study Area) in the Khao Luang Mountain Range by . This association between debris flows and large landslides can be widespread in some terrain. mitigating debris flows there. Accumulated slags and waste in mines are major physical resources for slag debris flow, which is a potential major disaster threatening mines safety. The model's balance equations describe coupled . Acknowledgments The thresholds vary with different materials. Rainfall on 9-13 September 2013 triggered at least 1,138 debris flows in a 3430 km 2 area of the Colorado Front Range. Our understanding of debris-flow initiation by slope failure is restricted by the challenge of acquiring accurate geomorphic features of debris flows and the structural setting of the rock mass in . These evaluations form the basis for a descriptive model for fire-related debris-flow initiation. According to the field observation and the research of Wu [13], the initiation of debris flow can be classified into two types. debris flow initiation, steep slope, friction factor, entrainment sediment Abstract. An interpreted hybrid model of debris flow initi- ation involves bed failure near gully heads followed by sediment recruitment from gully walls along gully lengths. Read "Initiation process of debris flows on different slopes due to surface flow and trigger-specific strategies for mitigating post-earthquake in old Beichuan County, China, Environmental Earth Sciences" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. ABSTRACT Numerous debris-flow events occurred along the Wasatch . Based on field surveys, it is estimated that material quantity from potential landslides and streambed sediment is about 5.2 × 10 8 m 3 in Menqian and 2.3 × 10 8 m 3 in Duozhao. The characteristics of debris flows (e.g., velocity, discharge, kinematic energy) are highly dependent on surges incurring abrupt changes to flow height, velocity, and boulder concentration. Rengers, F.K.,L.A. Debris flow characteristics in the initiation zones are poorly understood because of the difficulty in monitoring. Though significant effort has been made to forecast such events, the trigger conditions as well as the hydrologic disposition of a watershed at the time of debris flow occurrence are not well understood. These results suggest that even though the likelihood of debris flow is relatively low, the consequences of post-fire debris-flow initiation within the burn area may be significant for downstream populations, infrastructure, and wildlife and water resources. )3 = S, where Acr is the critical area extending upslope from the initiation location to the drainage divide, and tan ?? The topography of the debris flow formation areas is steep and its catchment . Studies have been carried out for a further undersdanding on the formation and initiation mechanism of the slag debris flow. Though significant effort has been made to forecast such events, the trigger conditions as well as the hydrologic disposition of a watershed at the time of debris flow occurrence are not well understood. LA McGuire, FK Rengers, JW Kean, DM Staley Geophysical Research Letters 44 (14), 7310-7319 , 2017 Then, we examine whether debris-flow sources can be related regionally to the presence of larger landslide deposits. The Cleveland Corral landslide complex is located in an . Debris-flow initiation sites were located by examining the upstream reaches of channels impacted by a 2006 debris flow for geomorphic signatures of debris-flow initiation. Published in Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ISSN 1027-5606 (Print) 1607-7938 (Online) Publisher Copernicus Publications Country of publisher However, the steep and difficult terrain in debris flow prone regions precludes the observation of initiation zones which, in turn, prevents attribution of debris recharge and flow initiation to specific mechanisms. Debris flows represent a severe hazard in mountain regions. In doing so, this study provides strong constraints for developing process-based models of important post-fire erosional processes, which can, in turn, lead to improved predic-tions of debris-flow initiation and magnitude. Wildfire alters vegetation cover and soil hydrologic properties, substantially increasing the likelihood of debris flows in steep watersheds. Role of Bedrock Ground Water in the Initiation of Debris Flows and Sustained Post-Flow Stream Discharge. debris flow initiation processes debris flows are a type of granular mass flow whose motion is governed by changes in coulomb friction and internalpore-fluidpressure(iverson,1997).debris-flow initiation can occur from failure of bedrock, colluvium, or alluvium (costa, 1984).thespecificphysical conditionsthattriggerdebrisflowsvarygreatly,because … The field investigation shows that the debris flow . Two typical debris flow gullies in Hot Water River Basin, Laowa Gully and Fencha Gully are taken as research objects in this paper. In order to resolve this problem, the decay process of EAR has to be researched. (2017) used a combination of debris-flow monitoring data and numerical model-ing to demonstrate that debris-flow initiation within a .01-km2 basin burned by the 2009 Station Fire was During a storm, debris flows may be initiated by surface erosion, slope failures, or dam breaching (e.g. Original language: English (US) Pages (from-to) 367-388: Number of pages: 22: Journal: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences: variables in generating debris flows using logistic regression (Hosmer and Lemeshow, 1989). Debris flows then form periodically following the mass failure of this channel bed sediment. • A method is presented to construct rainfall thresholds for debris flow initiation The initiation areas of debris-flows are typically found on slopes steeper than 15 o while deposition areas are found on gentler slopes. Abstract. Physical modelling of hillslope debris flow initiation was undertaken using the geotechnical beam centrifuge at the University of Dundee. Therefore, understanding the initiation and runout characteristics of surges is essential when planning debris flow mitigation. Debris flows can initiate due to different processes. in steep streams and gullies) could develop a water sediment mixture flow (usually known as debris flow) when a high enough water flow is flowing over the sediment bed. Citation 2020-03-22 08:55 AM. 2020-03-22 08:54 AM. In particular the rainfall first saturates the debris deposit and then mobilizes it by an overland flow. Discrete soil-slip scars do not occur at the heads of these paths. However, there is a lack of detailed comparative study on debris flow initiation in different spoil materials. describe the factors leading to this debris-flow initiation and illustrate the behavior with real-time data collected during transformation. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA . Large spoil tips from reconstruction works as a result of the Wenchuan Earthquake in China are new debris flow hazards to the human society. Data in this project pertain to an area bounded by N 40.0° - 40.375° and W 105.25° - 105.625° which . Center for Engineering Geosciences, Department ofGeology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3115. This paper presents a new model to solve this problem by physically simulating the initiation of debris flows by hillslope bed erosion and transformation from slope failures. Study area This study analyzed a small (0.01 km2) headwater sub-basin of the Coupled prediction of flood response and debris flow initiation during warm- and cold-season events in the Southern Appalachians, USA J. Tao and A. P. Barros J. Tao and A. P. Barros. We use cookies, including third party cookies, to provide you with the best possible browsing experience. Differ much in the Ohya landslide of detailed comparative study on debris flow initiation.. 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